my mind on books

“Self awareness and Obama,” a recent blog post at The Frontal Cortex, mentions the notion of “self-overhearing” (aka metacognition), citing Philip Tetlock of UC Berkeley. I looked for more information about self-overhearing, which comes from Tetlock’s Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know?
Paul Monk in “Foxes, Hedgehogs, and Algorithms” discusses Tetlock’s book and traces “self-overhearing” back to Harold Bloom’s Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human.

Monk provides this quote from Tetlock as a further guide to what he means by ‘self-overhearing’ (which may not be the same idea as Bloom intended):

“Good judgment, then, is a precarious balancing act…Executing this balancing act requires cognitive skills of a high order: the capacity to monitor our own thought processes and to strike a reflective equilibrium faithful to our conceptions of the norms of intellectual fair play. We need to cultivate the art of self-overhearing, to learn how to eavesdrop on the mental conversations we have with ourselves as we struggle to strike the right balance between preserving our existing worldview and rethinking core assumptions. This is no easy art to master. If we listen carefully to ourselves, we will often not like what we hear. And we will often be tempted to laugh off the exercise as introspective navel-gazing, as an infinite regress of homunculi spying on each other…all the way down.”

I recently read Accident: A Philosophical and Literary History by Ross Hamilton (University of Chicago Press, 2007), which surprisingly turned out to have a lot to do with changing concepts of the self in Western culture, from Aristotle to postmodernism. I had some difficulty following the argument in this densely woven academic text, so it was something of a relief to find my response echoed by Terry Eagleton’s review:

“But there are times when the subject threatens to disappear under this imposing weight of learning, only to re-emerge just when one thought it had sunk without trace. Hamilton does not keep a sharp enough eye on the storyline. There is a grand narrative struggling to get out of this study, which is the mysterious tale of the disappearing substance.”

Here is a quote from Hamilton’s conclusion that sort of sums up and perhaps gives a flavor of the book:

“we can point to shifts in the value assigned to aspects of accident that demarcate a series of important attitudinal domains: The reign of substance as the enduring quality with respect to accident lasted into the eighteenth century. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a shift occurred from seeking qualitative resemblances to the exploration of differences. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a second shift replaced the retrospective sense of self with anticipatory self-structuring and gave primacy to inwardly determined self-definition. A third shift, one that began in the twentieth century and is accelerating rapidly, sacrificed the claim of a substantive self. According to critics like Foucault or Virilio, this movement threatens to extinguish the self completely.” (p. 301)

After the jump there are some notes from my reading… (more…)

The Pursuit of Unhappiness: The Elusive Psychology of Well-Being by Daniel Haybron (Oxford University Press, 2008) is due out on Nov. 15 in the US, already available in the UK.

Product Description
The pursuit of happiness is a defining theme of the modern era. But what if people aren’t very good at it? That is the question posed by this book, the first comprehensive philosophical treatment of happiness, understood here as a psychological phenomenon. Engaging heavily with the scientific literature, Dan Haybron argues that people probably know less about their own welfare, and may be less effective at securing it, than common belief has it. This is largely because human nature is surprisingly ill-suited to the pursuit of happiness. For the happiness that counts for well-being is not a matter of what we think about our lives, but of the quality of our emotional conditions. Yet our emotional lives are remarkably difficult to grasp. Moreover, we make a variety of systematic errors in the pursuit of happiness. These considerations suggest that we should rethink traditional assumptions about the good life and the good society. For instance, the pursuit of happiness may be primarily a matter of social context rather than personal choice.
This book offers an extensive guide to philosophical thinking about happiness and well-being, correcting serious misconceptions that have beset the literature. It will be a definitive resource for philosophers, social scientists, policymakers, and other students of well-being.

See also: Author’s webpage

Usually on Saturday there is a good new video at Bloggingheads and this time it is an Eliezer Yudkowsky and Jaron Lanier “diavlog” on artificial intelligence:

Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We Buy by Martin Lindstrom (Doubleday Business, 2008)

Product Description
How much do we know about why we buy? What truly influences our decisions in today’s message-cluttered world? An eye-grabbing advertisement, a catchy slogan, an infectious jingle? Or do our buying decisions take place below the surface, so deep within our subconscious minds, we’re barely aware of them?

In BUYOLOGY, Lindstrom presents the astonishing findings from his groundbreaking, three-year, seven-million-dollar neuromarketing study, a cutting-edge experiment that peered inside the brains of 2,000 volunteers from all around the world as they encountered various ads, logos, commercials, brands, and products. His startling results shatter much of what we have long believed about what seduces our interest and drives us to buy. Among his finding:

Gruesome health warnings on cigarette packages not only fail to discourage smoking, they actually make smokers want to light up.

Despite government bans, subliminal advertising still surrounds us – from bars to highway billboards to supermarket shelves.

“Cool” brands, like iPods trigger our mating instincts.

Other senses – smell, touch, and sound – are so powerful, they physically arouse us when we see a product.

Sex doesn’t sell. In many cases, people in skimpy clothing and suggestive poses not only fail to persuade us to buy products – they often turn us away .

Companies routinely copy from the world of religion and create rituals – like drinking a Corona with a lime – to capture our hard-earned dollars.

Filled with entertaining inside stories about how we respond to such well-known brands as Marlboro, Nokia, Calvin Klein, Ford, and American Idol, BUYOLOGY is a fascinating and shocking journey into the mind of today’s consumer that will captivate anyone who’s been seduced – or turned off – by marketers’ relentless attempts to win our loyalty, our money, and our minds. Includes a foreword by Paco Underhill.

The author’s website has chapter summaries and more.

“Buyology Roundup” at Neuromarketing collects reactions to the book.